Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk area of the Arabian Peninsula. “The Land of the Two Holy Mosques” in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria), the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is the only country with both a Red Sea coast and Arabian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid deserts, lowland, and mountains. Saudi Arabia also has one of the world’s youngest populations: 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old. The major areas of the population are in the central Hejaz, in Asir, in central Najd, and near the Arabian Gulf.
Saudi Arabia, once a country of small cities and towns, has become increasingly urban; traditional centers such as Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina have grown into large modern cities, and the capital, Riyadh, a former oasis town, has grown into a modern metropolis. Most of the region’s traditional nomads, the Bedouin, have been settled in cities or agricultural communities.
Economy
The economy of Saudi Arabia is one of the top twenty economies in the
world (G20). It is dependent on oil as the country has the
second-largest proven petroleum reserves, and the country is the largest
exporter of petroleum in the world. It also has the fifth-largest proven
natural gas reserves and is considered an “Energy Superpower”.
With a total worth of US$33.2 trillion, Saudi Arabia has the second most valuable natural resource in the
world.
Other than oil and gas, Saudi Arabia has natural resources including mineral deposits of gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, tungsten, lead, sulfur, phosphate, soapstone, and feldspar.
Manufacturing
The manufacturing sector has expanded widely since 1976 when the government established the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (Sabic) to diversify the economy. Its initial goal was to expand the manufacturing potential of sectors of the economy related to petroleum. Since then manufacturers, many associated with Sabic, have included rolled steel, petrochemicals, fertilizers, pipes, copper wire, and cable, truck assembly, refrigeration, plastics, aluminum products, metal products, and cement. Small-scale enterprises have included baking, printing, furniture manufacturing, food processing, and the biggest dairy products industry in the Arabian Gulf region.
Transportation and telecommunications
The country’s roads are all paved, and an automobile is a common form of transport. Taxis are found in cities and most large towns. d. The first coast-to-coast road connection, from Al-Dammam on the Arabian Gulf to Jeddah on the Red Sea, by way of Riyadh, was opened in 1967. A causeway, opened in 1986, connects the kingdom with the Kingdom of Bahrain. A railroad passing through Al-Hufuf connects Riyadh and Al-Dammam.
Saudi Arabia is on track to develop its rail networks as part of a GCC-wide push to ramp up regional transportation, with the high-speed Haramain railway now operating at near-full capacity. Riyadh’s Metro almost complete and another 800km of track, along with sleeping coaches, added to the Kingdom’s North-South railway.
Agriculture
Agricultural production was localized and subsistent. The kingdom’s development plans have given domestic food production special attention, and the government has made subsidies and generous incentives available to the agriculture sector. Agriculture now contributes only a small fraction of the Saudi GDP and employs a comparable proportion of the workforce.
Besides being the world’s largest producers of dates, the kingdom has achieved self-sufficiency in the production of wheat, eggs, and milk, among other commodities, though it still imports the bulk of its food needs. Wheat is the primarily cultivated grain, followed by sorghum and barley. Dates, melons, tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, pumpkins, and squash are also important crops.
In 2016 the Saudi Government launched its Saudi Vision 2030 to reduce the country’s dependency on oil and diversify its economic resources. Saudi Arabia has the largest economy in the Arab world and the Middle East. In the first quarter of 2019, Saudi Arabia’s budget has accomplished its first surplus since 2014. This surplus that is accounted for $10.40 billion has been achieved due to the increase of the oil and non-oil revenues.
Tourism
The first concrete evidence of the human presence in the Arabian Peninsula dates back 15,000 to 20,000 years. Saudi Arabia is the second biggest tourist destination in the Middle East with over 16 million visiting in 2017. Although most tourism in Saudi Arabia still largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. As the tourism sector has been largely boosted lately, the sector is expected to be the white oil for Saudi Arabia. Potential tourist areas include the Hijaz and Sarawat Mountains, Red Sea diving, and several ancient ruins.
There are five UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia inscribed from 2008 to 2018. These sites are: Al-Ahsa Oasis, Mada’in Saleh whichis a pre-Islamic archaeological site located in the Al-Ula sector, within the Al Madinah Region, At-Turaif District in ad-Dir’iyah, Historic Jeddah, and Rock Art in the Hail Region which shows numerous representations of human and animal figures covering 10,000 years of history
Aviation and airports
The Kingdom has three international airports: King Khalid International in Riyadh OERK/RUH, King Fahd International in Dhahran OEDF/DMM, and the King Abdul-Aziz International Airport in Jeddah OEJN/JED.
Plans are underway to convert the Prince Muhammad bin Abdul-Aziz Airport OEMA/MED in Madinah into an international airport. There are also 24 other regional and local airports.
Saudi Arabia’s national airline, Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAA), started in 1945 with a single twin-engine DC-3 Dakota. The airline now has a fleet of around 140 aircraft with flights to cities within Saudi Arabia and around the world.
The King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah is a center for pilgrims arriving for the Hajj and has a dedicated pilgrims terminal.
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